How to cite: In-text citations

2. In-text citations

Within the text of your paper, you should include in-text citations when you refer to, summarize or paraphrase another source. For every entry in your reference list, there must be a corresponding in-text citation.

Examples:

APA in-text citation style uses the author's last name and the year of publication, for example: (Field, 2005). For direct quotations, include the page number as well, for example: (Field, 2005, p. 14).

Chicago Manual of Style (full note) uses superscript numbers placed after a quote or a paraphrase in the text. For example: ¹or²⁶. Each number corresponds to a citation, to a footnote. Footnotes must appear at the bottom of the page that they are referred to. A complete reference list should appear at the end of your work.

IEEE citing style uses numbers enclosed in square brackets, eg.[1] or [26], placed in the text, to indicate the relevant reference. Citations are numbered in the order in which they appear in the text and each citation corresponds to a numbered reference in the reference list at the end of your thesis, essay etc.

In-text citations can be placed within the sentence or at the end of the sentence. In case of a single sentence, the in-text citation should be added before the period; in case of several sentences, after the period.